An editorial in Lancet Rheumatology calls for "..reframing axSpA as a systemic, autoimmune inflammatory disease with multiorgan involvement and substantial unmet need."The pathogenesis relies on not only HLA-B27, but also on environmental triggers, immune dysregulation, and gut inflammation. AxSpA is not confined to the spine, as gut dysbiosis leads to immune activation, driven by IL-17, IL-22, and TNF.

A comprehensive JAMA review synthesizes current evidence on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical evaluation, and treatment of nonspecific low back pain, drawing on 108 publications identified from a PubMed search (2005–2026) and the most recent guidelines from the WHO, ACP, and NICE. While the primary audience is generalists, the review carries important implications for rheumatologists who regularly encounter patients with back pain in