Systemic sclerosis, or scleroderma, is one the most challenging rheumatic diseases to manage due to its heterogenous, multisystem manifestations and the limited treatment options for some of its progressive and debilitating complications. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is often utilized as an off-label therapy for refractory manifestations. However, evidence guiding usage in SSc remains limited. A recent systemic review and meta-analysis

The NEPTUNUS-1 and NEPTUNUS-2 trials have showed that monthly ianalumab is superior of placebo at improving Sjögren’s disease activity at week 48, even though there was no significant ESSDAI response or in the change in SSSD or ESSPRI symptom scores.

Estrogen-only menopausal hormone therapy was associated with a slightly higher incidence of autoimmune disease compared with estrogen-progestogen therapy, a retrospective cohort study suggested.